Hydrostatic Balance

Key Operational Steps

Zero Calibration: The balance is calibrated with the empty basket suspended in the air.
Weight in Air (\(W_{a}\)): The sample is weighed while sitting on the upper pan.
Weight in Water (\(W_{w}\)): The sample is placed in the basket, fully immersed in liquid, and re-weighed.
Density Calculation: Specific Gravity is calculated using: \(SG = \frac{W_a}{W_a - W_w}\)

Feature	Description
Primary Use	Determining Specific Gravity (SG) and density of solids/gems
Operating Principle	Archimedes' Principle: Buoyant force = Weight of fluid displaced
Components	Precision beam/digital balance, beaker, wire basket, suspension hook
Measurement Method	Weighing in air, then weighing while submerged in liquid
Typical Precision	High (often 0.01g to 0.0001g depending on the balance used)
Common Capacity	Varies (from small, <100g for gems to >1kg for large samples)
Environmental Req.	Level surface, draft-free environment, stable temperature
Application Areas	Gemology labs, metallurgy, material science, physics labs

Component/Feature	Specification
Size/Scale Diameter	6 inches (150 mm) or 7 inches (175 mm/178 mm)
Vernier Reading	1 minute of arc (30 seconds also common)
Main Scale	0-360° with divisions of (0.5 circ ) (150 mm or 175 mm circle)
Vernier Scale	Double ended vernier separated by (180 circ )
Collimator Lens	Achromatic, 178 mm focus, 32 mm clear aperture
Telescope Lens	Achromatic, 178 mm focus, 32 mm clear aperture
Eyepiece	Ramsden Type ((10 times ) or (15 times ) with cross-line graticule
Slit	Unilaterally adjustable, 6mm long
Fine Adjustment	Provided for both telescope and collimator (laterally and vertically)
Prism Table	Marked with lines; leveling screws & interchangeable clamp
Main Structure	Heavy cast metal with bright plated fittings (sometimes stainless steel scale)
Accessories	Prism holder, Grating holder, Watchmaker’s eyeglass, L-key, Hardwood case

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