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Human Kidney

Human Kidney

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Anatomical and Functional Structure

  • Hilum: A concave notch where blood vessels (renal artery/vein), nerves, and the ureter enter/exit.
  • Renal Capsule: A tough, fibrous outer layer that protects the kidney.
  • Renal Cortex: The outer layer containing nephrons.
  • Renal Medulla: The inner layer consisting of conical tissue masses called renal pyramids.
  • Renal Pelvis/Calyces: A funnel-shaped structure that collects urine and directs it to the ureter.
  • Adrenal Gland: Sits atop each kidney and controls stress response hormones.

Primary Functions

  • Filtration: Filters waste products and toxins from blood, producing urine.
  • Regulation: Maintains electrolyte balance (sodium, potassium), acid-base balance, and extracellular fluid volume.
  • Blood Pressure Control: Releases the enzyme renin to manage blood pressure.
  • Hormone Production: Produces erythropoietin (RBC production) and activates Vitamin D.     
FeatureDescription
Shape & ColorReddish-brown, bean-shaped
Dimensions10–12 cm long, 5–7 cm wide, 2–3 cm thick
WeightMale: ~125–175 g, Female: ~115–155 g
LocationT12 to L3 vertebrae (retroperitoneal), left slightly higher than right
Functional Units~1 Million nephrons per kidney
Outer RegionRenal Cortex
Inner RegionRenal Medulla (contains 8–18 renal pyramids)
Waste RemovalFilters ~180 liters of blood daily
Blood SupplyReceives ~25% of resting cardiac output
Major StructuresRenal capsule, hilum, cortex, medulla, pyramids, calyces, pelvis


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Component/Feature         Specification
Size/Scale Diameter6 inches (150 mm) or 7 inches (175 mm/178 mm)
Vernier Reading1 minute of arc (30 seconds also common)
Main Scale0-360° with divisions of (0.5  circ ) (150 mm or 175 mm circle)
Vernier ScaleDouble ended vernier separated by (180 circ )
Collimator LensAchromatic, 178 mm focus, 32 mm clear aperture
Telescope LensAchromatic, 178 mm focus, 32 mm clear aperture
EyepieceRamsden Type ((10 times ) or (15 times ) with cross-line graticule
SlitUnilaterally adjustable, 6mm long
Fine AdjustmentProvided for both telescope and collimator (laterally and vertically)
Prism TableMarked with lines; leveling screws & interchangeable clamp
Main StructureHeavy cast metal with bright plated fittings (sometimes stainless steel scale)
AccessoriesPrism holder, Grating holder, Watchmaker’s eyeglass, L-key, Hardwood case



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